In Guinea-Bissau, the creole is used as lingua franca among people speaking different languages, and is becoming the mother tongue of a growing population. Portuguese creoles are the mother tongues of most people in Cape Verde and the ABC Islands. The oldest Portuguese creole are the so-called crioulos of Upper Guinea, born around the Portuguese settlements along the northwest coast of Africa. Kristang: spoken in Malaysia and emigrant communities in Singapore and Perth, Western Australia.Macanese: Spoken in Macau and Hong Kong, China.Korlai Indo-Portuguese, spoken in Korlai, India.Daman and Diu Portuguese, spoken in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India.Spoken in the coastal cities of Sri Lanka and Malabar, India. Malabar– Sri Lankan Portuguese, grouping Sri Lankan Portuguese, Battilocan Portuguese, Malabar Indo-Portuguese.Spoken on Príncipe Island, São Tomé and Príncipe. Spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe. Forro: Forro is becoming the language of social networks.Spoken on Annobón island, Equatorial Guinea ![]() Angolar: A heavy substrate of Kimbundu, spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.Although situated in the Caribbean, it belongs to this language family. Papiamento: Official language in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. ![]() Casamance Creole: Spoken in Casamance, Senegal, a dialect of Guinea-Bissau Creole.Lingua franca in Guinea-Bissau, also spoken in Casamance, Senegal. Cape Verdean Creole: Vigorous use, Cape Verde Islands.In time, however, this generic sense was lost, and the word crioulo or its derivatives (like "Creole" and its equivalents in other languages) became the name of several specific Upper Guinean communities and their languages: the Guinean people and their Kriol language, Cape Verdean people and their Kriolu language, all of which still today have very vigorous use, suppressing the importance of official standard Portuguese. In Africa it was often applied to locally born people of (wholly or partly) Portuguese descent, as opposed to those born in Portugal whereas in Brazil it was also used to distinguish locally born black people of African descent from those who had been brought from Africa as slaves. Originally the word was used to distinguish the members of any ethnic group who were born and raised in the colonies from those who were born in their homeland. The Portuguese word for "creole" is crioulo, which derives from the verb criar ("to raise", "to bring up") and a suffix -oulo of debated origin. This may explain to some extent why Portuguese lexical items can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous grammatical similarities shared by such languages, such as the preposition na, meaning "in" and/or "on", which would come from the Portuguese contraction na, meaning "in the" ( feminine singular). According to this theory, this variety may have been the starting point of all the pidgin and creole languages. The monogenetic theory of pidgins assumes that some type of pidgin language - dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese - based on Portuguese was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast. Since the 20th century, increased study of creoles by linguists led to several theories being advanced. As a consequence, there is little documentation on the details of their formation. Until recently creoles were considered "degenerate" dialects of Portuguese unworthy of attention. ![]() These creoles are (or were) spoken mostly by communities of descendants of Portuguese, natives, and sometimes other peoples from the Portuguese colonial empire. In time, many of these pidgins were nativized, becoming new stable creole languages.Īs is the rule in most creoles, the lexicon of these languages can be traced to the parent languages, usually with predominance of Portuguese while the grammar is mostly original and unique to each creole with little resemblance to the syntax of Portuguese or the substrate language. Contact between the Portuguese language and native languages gave rise to many Portuguese-based pidgins, used as linguas francas throughout the Portuguese sphere of influence. Portuguese overseas exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries led to the establishment of a Portuguese Empire with trading posts, forts and colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas. The most widely-spoken creoles influenced by Portuguese are Cape Verdean Creole, Guinea-Bissau Creole and Papiamento. Portuguese creoles ( Portuguese: crioulo) are creole languages which have Portuguese as their substantial lexifier. Cape Verdean Creole used in a panel for Cidade Velha, Cape Verde
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